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2014년 11월 27일 목요일

'제3의 에너지' 셰일가스 전쟁 시작



[셰일가스의국제경제 파장]
확인된 매장량만 전세계가 59년 동안 쓸 규모
2030년엔 석유에 이어 '제2 에너지원' 될 것
채굴 과정 환경오염 문제·비싼 운송비는 부담                            
2012.07.21 03:30      

[토요 이슈 shale gas 제3의 에너지 혁명] 셰일가스, 美천연가스값 40%(1년새 5달러→3달러) 낮춰… 美, FTA체결국에 수출
천연가스 가격이 급락하고 있다. 2008년 1MMBtu당 12달러를 웃돌던 미국 천연가스 가격은 지난 4월 10년 만에 1달러대로 추락했다. 지난 19일 미국 시카고상업거래소에서 거래된 천연가스 가격은 1MMBtu당 2.9달러로 4월보다는 올랐지만, 1년 전(5달러 선)과 비교하면 절반을 조금 웃도는 수준이다. 미국이 셰일가스(shale gas·진흙이 쌓여 만들어진 셰일에 존재하는 가스)를 본격 개발하면서 시장에 천연가스 공급이 넘치고 있는 데 따른 결과다.

셰일가스가 에너지시장에 혁명을 몰고 오고 있다. 새로운 에너지원으로 부상하면서 기존의 천연가스 가격을 낮추고 있고, 석유·석탄이 지배하던 기존 에너지 시장의 판도도 바꿀 것으로 전문가들은 전망하고 있다.

◇에너지 업계 판도 변화

셰일가스가 뒤늦게 주목받는 가장 큰 이유는 막대한 매장량이다. 전 세계적으로 확인된 셰일가스 매장량은 187.5조㎥. 전 세계가 지난해처럼 천연가스를 소비한다고 했을 때 59년간 사용 가능한 규모다. 2030년쯤엔 석탄을 제치고 석유에 이어 제2의 에너지원이 될 것이란 관측도 있다. 미국 에너지부(DOE) 산하 연구기관인 EIA에선 2035년 미국 천연가스 총 생산량의 절반을 셰일가스가 차지할 것으로 전망했다.

경제성이 확보된 것도 한 이유다. 채굴 기술이 발달하고 고유가가 이어지면서 개발이 활발해졌다. 북미 지역의 셰일가스 탐사·개발 단가는 2007년 1000㎥당 73달러에서 2010년 31달러로 크게 떨어졌다. 기존 전통가스 개발단가(46달러)보다 낮은 수준이다.

2000년대 중반부터 본격적으로 개발된 셰일가스는 불과 몇 년 만에 세계 에너지산업에 큰 변화를 주고 있다. 가스 생산이 늘면서 미국산 석탄 수출이 증가하자 국제 석탄가격은 약세를 이어가고 있다. 미국 내에선 발전연료가 천연가스로 대체되면서 석탄 수요가 급감, 석탄생산업체인 패트리어트콜이 이달 초 파산보호를 신청했다.

저가격 가스 시대가 오면서 국제 원유 가격 등 에너지 가격을 잡는 효과도 있을 것으로 보인다. 국내 에너지업계 한 CEO는 "셰일가스 수출이 본격화되면 국제 유가가 배럴당 110달러를 넘기기 어려워질 것"이라고 말했다.

최근까지 원유와 천연가스 수출을 금지해왔던 미국 DOE는 지난해 40년 만에 LNG(액화천연가스) 수출 계획을 승인했다. 대상은 미국과 FTA(자유무역협정)를 맺은 한국 등 10여 개국이다. 우리나라로서는 그동안 중동에 치중돼 있던 LNG 도입선이 다변화되면서 단가 하락 효과가 기대된다. 천연가스가 나지 않는 동아시아 지역은 두바이산 원유 가격에 연동해 LNG 가격을 산정해왔지만, 앞으로 천연가스 가격에 따라 움직이는 미국산 LNG와 경쟁이 불가피해졌기 때문이다.

값싼 셰일가스가 향후 원자력발전과 태양광·풍력 등 신재생에너지 확산을 더디게 만들 수 있다는 전망도 있다. 가스발전소는 원전(原電)보다 공사기간이 짧고, 건설비용도 5분의 1 이하다.

◇환경문제 걸림돌…미국서도 논란

장밋빛 전망만 있는 것은 아니다. 셰일가스는 채굴과정에서 화학약품을 쓴다. 이 약품이 토양과 지하수 오염을 일으킨다는 지적이 나오고 있다. 미국에서도 이 문제를 들어 셰일가스 개발을 반대하는 여론이 있다. 환경 문제에 대한 인식이 높은 유럽지역에서 셰일가스가 큰 주목을 받지 못하는 것도 이런 이유에서다.

미국산 LNG 주요 수입국이 될 우리나라와 일본 등 동아시아 국가들의 경우 수송비용이 적지 않아 수입에 큰 매력이 없다는 주장도 있다. 기체상태인 천연가스는 파이프로 1MMBtu당 1~4달러면 수송이 가능하지만, LNG는 운송에 7~10달러가 소요된다. 딜로이트와 맥킨지 등은 중장기적으로 천연가스 가격이 1MMBtu당 5~7달러 선을 유지할 것으로 전망하고 있다. 이 가격대에서 운송비 등을 감안한 미국산 LNG 도입가격은 11.75~14.05달러 선이 될 수 있다는 것이다. 올해 동아시아 지역 LNG 가격은 15달러대 초반이다. 

☞MMBtu(Million Metric British thermal unit)
1Btu는 1파운드의 물을 화씨 1도 올리는 데 필요한 열량(0.252㎉)으로, MMBtu는 100만Btu에 해당한다. 천연가스·LNG 등에 주로 쓰이는 단위다.


'제3의 에너지' 셰일가스 전쟁 시작   2013.05.23

[美, 이례적으로 日에 수출 허용… 에너지 혁명 현실화]

-늦었지만 통큰 계약한 美·日
국익 위해 수출 주저했던 美… FTA 체결안한 일본에도 허가
韓·日 4년 뒤부터 수입하지만 수입규모는 일본이 훨씬 클 듯

-미국으로 몰리는 세계의 돈
미국 현재 셰일가스 매장 2위                                          
추출할 때 석유도 함께 나와 원유생산국 1위로 뛰어오를 듯
투자 수요는 700兆원 넘어서

-한국, 에너지 전쟁 이기려면
에틸렌 등 가격경쟁력 非常… 중동에서 미국으로 LNG 수입선 전환 추진해야

셰일가스를 추출할 수 있는 돌

수년 전 미국에서 '셰일가스(shale gas) 붐'이 일어난다고 했을 때 한국을 비롯한 전 세계에선 '찻잔 속 태풍'이냐, 아니면 '에너지 시장의 지각변동'이냐를 놓고 격론이 오갔다. 최근 셰일가스 개발과 투자 붐을 보면 예상보다 빠르고 강력하게 '미국발(發) 셰일가스 혁명'이 진행될 가능성이 커지고 있다.

그 조짐을 보여주는 일이 얼마 전 있었다. 지난 17일 미국 에너지부(DOE)는 텍사스주 휴스턴에 있는 프리포트(Freeport)사가 일본의 오사카가스 등과 손잡고 셰일가스를 액화시킨 액화천연가스(LNG)를 20년간 일본에 수출하는 계약을 승인했다. 업계에선 추가로 2건의 대(對)일본 수출계약 건도 조만간 승인이 떨어져 한국의 수입 규모를 넘어설 것으로 보고 있다. 미국은 그동안 국익을 내세워 셰일가스 수출 허가를 잘 해주지 않았다. 하지만 최근 들어 FTA(자유무역협정)를 체결하지 않은 일본에도 수출을 허용하는 등 입장을 바꾸는 모습이다. 태평양을 건너야 하는 운송 문제를 고려해도 미국산 천연가스(셰일가스) 가격이 다른 곳보다 30% 싸다고 전문가들은 말한다. 미국이 본격적으로 문을 열면 에너지 시장의 지각 변동을 몰고 올 수 있는 것이다. 한국의 경우 2017년부터 셰일가스를 수입할 예정이다.

셰일가스는 현재 확인된 매장량만 전 세계가 60년을 사용할 수 있을 정도로 규모가 크다. 미국은 중국에 이어 셰일가스 매장량 2위 국가다. 셰일가스 층에선 가스 외에 타이트 오일(tight oil, 셰일가스와 함께 묻혀 있는 석유)과 같은 석유도 나온다. 세계에너지기구(IEA)는 오는 2017년이면 미국은 사우디아라비아를 제치고 세계 1위 원유 생산국으로 부상할 것으로 전망했다. 미국이 주도권을 잡고 생산한 가스와 석유를 해외로 수출하는 상황이 머지않아 벌어질 수 있는 것이다. 에너지 시장의 큰 변화를 몰고 올 태풍이 서서히 다가오고 있는 것이다.

◇미국 내에만 수백조원 투자 대기

IEA는 셰일가스 개발에 따라 건설해야 할 LNG 플랜트 규모가 100개에 이를 것으로 전망하고 있다. 총 3420억달러(약 400조원)에 달하는 규모다. 현재 확정한 에틸렌(석유화학 원료) 플랜트 등의 투자액만 200조원이다. 대부분 미국에 건설하는 것으로, 다우케미칼·포모사·쉘케미칼 등이 대표적이다. 한국의한화케미칼 등도 투자를 저울질하고 있다. 여기에 파이프라인·가스처리 장치 등 부속 설비를 위해 향후 20년간 2500억달러(약 300조원)의 투자가 필요할 것으로 예상한다.

전 세계 셰일가스 매장량 1위 중국도 미국을 따라잡기 위해 셰일가스 개발에 적극 나서고 있다. 중국석유천연가스집단공사(CNPC)는 로열 더치 셸과 엑슨 모빌 등 미국 유명 채굴회사들과 함께 중국 셰일가스 매장량의 40%가 집중된 쓰촨(四川) 지역 셰일가스 개발에 나서고 있다.

◇국내 에너지·화학업계에도 큰 변화


셰일가스는 한국 에너지산업 지형에도 큰 영향을 미친다. 가스공사는 지난해 미국 셰일가스 개발프로젝트인 '사빈패스' 운영사로부터 2017년부터 20년간 연간 LNG 280만t을 수입하기로 했다. 컨설팅업체 액센츄어에 따르면 미국산 셰일가스를 LNG 형태로 수입할 경우 MMbtu(25만kcal의 열량을 내는 가스량)당 11.8달러(운송비 포함)가 든다. 현재 중동에서 수입하는 LNG 장기계약 가격은 MMbtu당 15달러다. 22%가 싼 것이다. 중장기적으로 한국의 LNG수입선을 중동에서 미국으로 전환해야 할 상황을 맞은 것이다.

석유화학산업에도 비상이 걸렸다. 미국 연평균 천연가스 가격은 셰일가스 개발붐 때문에 100만Btu(1BTU= 0.252㎉/h)당 2008년 8.9달러에서 2012년 2.83달러로 내려갔다. 셰일가스를 이용한 에틸렌 제조원가를 보면 미국은 t당 316달러인데 사우디아라비아는 455달러, 한국을 포함한 아시아는 1717달러다. 가격경쟁력에서 한국 에틸렌 공장이 경쟁할 수 없는 수준이다. 김희집 액센츄어 에너지산업부문 대표는 "셰일 혁명을 그냥 지켜봐선 안 된다"며 "미국산 LNG 계약을 추가로 따내는 등 적극적으로 나서야 할 시점"이라고 말했다.

조선일보

2014년 11월 25일 화요일

전쟁으로 피폐해진 시리아의 주민들의 삶: Living in War-Torn Syria

For more than three years now, Syrians have endured the loss and hardship caused by a protracted civil war. At the moment, Syrian government forces are fighting several rebel groups spread throughout the country, as well as ISIS, the militant group attempting to form a new state carved out of Syria and Iraq. The smaller rebel groups are fighting each other, and just about everyone in the region is fighting ISIS, assisted by airstrikes carried out by a U.S.-led coalition. Pockets of Damascus are stable enough for residents to carry on normal lives, while some distant rural villages have been reduced to rubble. Basic necessities are rare in contested areas, and refugee camps in neighboring countries are still growing. Battles and attacks continue across Syria among the many parties, with no clear end in sight—those caught in the crossfire suffering most. Gathered here are images of the ongoing Syrian conflict from just the past month.                                      11/20/2014

ISIS militants stand next to an explosion from an airstrike on Tilsehir hill in Syria, near Turkish border, on October 23, 2014. (Bulent Kilic/AFP/Getty Images)

A man stands on a rooftop as he tries to find a signal for his cell phone in the besieged rebel bastion of Douma, northeast of the Syrian capital Damascus on October 26, 2014. (Abd Doumany/AFP/Getty Images)
Rebel fighters fire a cannon, locally known as the Hell Cannon, towards government positions on October 24, 2014, in Handarat, on the northern outskirts of the Syrian city of Aleppo. Syrian rebels fought fierce clashes with loyalist troops in the divided area of Handarat just north of Aleppo a day after fighting that killed 15 soldiers and pro-regime militia as well as 12 rebels, said the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. (Sami Ali/AFP/Getty Images) 
Civilians inspect a site hit by what activists said was a missile fired by forces loyal to Syria's President Bashar al-Assad in al-Kalaseh neighborhood of Aleppo on October 28, 2014. (Reuters/Hosam Katan) 
The aircraft carrier USS George H.W. Bush transits the Gulf of Aden in this U.S. Navy handout picture taken October 23, 2014. The George H.W. Bush Carrier Strike Group is returning to Naval Station Norfolk after supporting maritime security operations, strike operations in Iraq and Syria. (Reuters/U.S. Navy/Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Abe McNatt)
irstrikes.(Left-to-right, top-row-to-bottom-row: AP Photo/Lefteris A collection of airstrikes on the Syrian city of Kobani by the US-led coalition, as seen from Suruc, at the Turkey-Syria border, throughout October and November of 2014. Kobani, also known as Ayn Arab, and its surrounding areas, has been under assault by extremists of the Islamic State group since mid-September and is being defended by Kurdish fighters and coalition airstrikes.Pitarakis, Getty Images/Gokhan Sahin, AP Photo/Vadim Ghirda, Reuters/Kai Pfaffenbach, AP Photo/Lefteris Pitarakis, AP Photo/Vadim Ghirda, Reuters/Kai Pfaffenbach, AP Photo/Levend Ali, Reuters/Yannis Behrakis, AFP/Getty Images/Aris Messinis, AFP/Getty Images/Aris Messinis, Reuters/Osman Orsal) # 

A fighter of the Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG) uses a pair of binoculars as she looks towards areas controlled by Islamic State fighters in the southern countryside of Ras al-Ain on November 9, 2014. (Reuters/Rodi Said) 
Mustafa's father (center) cries hearing his son suffering as he helps a doctor to stretch the boy's legs at a physical therapy center on November 6, 2014 in Eastern al-Ghouta, a rebel-held region outside Syria's capital of Damascus. Mustafa, 13, had his legs' tendons cut after he was injured in an airstrike four months before. Medical care in Syria has been disintegrated due to the ongoing conflict that erupted in March 2011. (Abd Doumany/AFP/Getty Images) 
Syrians try to rescue wounded people from a burning building following a reported airstrike by government forces on the Kalasa neighborhood of the northern Syrian city of Aleppo on November 12, 2014. (Karam Al-Masri/AFP/Getty Images)
Syrian Kurdish fighter Delkhwaz Sheikh Ahmad, 22, sits at his brother's house in Suruc, on the Turkey-Syria border, on October 17, 2014 as he prepares to leave for Kobani, Syria, to rejoin the fighting. The father of two is a member of the People's Protection Units, also known as YPG and is fighting against ISIS militants in Kobani. Every few weeks, he takes a couple of days to cross the border into Turkey to visit his family that had evacuated. (AP Photo/Lefteris Pitarakis)
Workers wrap the bodies of dead fighters loyal to Syrian President Bashar al-Assad at a morgue in Aleppo on October 30, 2014. The opposition Free Syrian Army said it killed the men near Aleppo city and that some of the dead had Iranian and Afghan nationalities. Rebels said the bodies are being preserved so they can be used in exchange for their own fallen comrades who are in the hands of the government. (Reuters/Abdalrhman Ismail) 
A Syrian man sells Aleppo sweets at al-Furqan popular market in the government-controlled part of the northern city of Aleppo on November 15, 2014. (Joseph Eid/AFP/Getty Images)
Syrians dance at a night club in the government-controlled part of the northern city of Aleppo on November 15, 2014. (Joseph Eid/AFP/Getty Images) 
A Syrian Kurdish refugee child from the Kobani area looks through a ventilation hole of a tent at a camp in Suruc, on the Turkey-Syria border on November 19, 2014. (AP Photo/Vadim Ghirda)
A full moon rises over the Syrian city of Kobani on November 6, 2014. (AP Photo/Vadim Ghirda) 
Men walk along a dark street at night in eastern al-Ghouta, near Damascus on November 19, 2014. Residents in Eastern al-Ghouta have been cut off from the main electricity grid for two years, activists said, relying on generators and other sources of light at night. (Reuters/Bassam Khabieh)
ISIS billboards along a street in Raqqa, eastern Syria, which is controlled by the Islamic State, on October 29, 2014. The billboard (right) reads: "We will win despite the global coalition". (Reuters/Nour Fourat)
Militant Islamist fighters take part in a military parade along the streets of Syria's northern Raqqa province on June 30, 2014. (Reuters/Stringer) 
A general view shows damage inside Shahba Mall, one of the largest commercial shopping centers in Syria, that was targeted by what activists said were airstrikes by forces loyal to Syria's President Bashar al-Assad in northern Aleppo countryside on October 16, 2014. (Reuters/Abdalrhman Ismail) 
A woman accompanies schoolchildren after what activists said were air strikes by forces of Syria's President Bashar al-Assad in the Duma neighborhood of Damascus on October 20, 2014. (Reuters/Bassam Khabieh)
An injured girl receives treatment at a field hospital after what activists said was shelling by forces loyal to Syria's President Bashar al-Assad in Meraba, eastern countryside of Daraa, on November 19, 2014. (Reuters/Wsam Almokdad)
Rebel fighters take up positions on the front line against forces of Syria's President Bashar al-Assad in the Handarat area, north of Aleppo, on October 20, 2014. (Reuters/Hosam Katan)
Rebel fighters monitor control screens for any movement of regime forces around the UNESCO-listed citadel where they hold a position on November 3, 2014 in the northern Syrian city of Aleppo. The 5,000-year-old citadel, which towers 100 meters above the rest of the city, is now under the control of rebel fighters. (Zein Al-Rifai/AFP/Getty Images) 
A man cuts the trunk of a tree to make a fire for cooking in the Duma neighborhood of Damascus on November 7, 2014. (Reuters/Bassam Khabieh) 
A woman screams as she is rescued from a burning building following a reported airstrike by government forces on the Kalasa neighborhood of the northern Syrian city of Aleppo on November 12, 2014. (Karam Al-Masri/AFP/Getty Images)
The body of a Syrian boy lies in a makeshift clinic after a mortar reportedly fired by Syrian government forces fell in the besieged rebel town of Douma, northeast of Damascus, on November 11, 2014. Closing in on Douma, a town of 200,000 residents under siege since last year, the army has seized control of Mleiha and Adra and has set its sights on Jobar and Ain Tarma, all towns to the east of the capital. (Abd Doumany/AFP/Getty Images)
An explosion following an air strike in central Kobani in Syria, on November 17, 2014. Picture taken from the Turkish side of the Turkish-Syrian border. (Reuters/Osman Orsal)
A general view shows the Zeno street front line in Aleppo on November 18, 2014. Sheets are hung to shield people on the street from being seen by snipers. (Reuters/Hosam Katan)
Al-Mujahideen army fighters, which operates under the Free Syrian Army, sit in shooting positions inside a damaged room during clashes with forces loyal to Syria's President Bashar al-Assad on the Zeno street front line in Aleppo on November 18, 2014. (Reuters/Hosam Katan)
Syrian children attend a class at the Nabaa Al-Hayat center for education and psychological support for children in places undergoing crisis in the rebel-held Eastern Ghouta region on the outskirts of the capital, Damascus, on October 22, 2014. Overall, some 4,000 Syrian schools have been destroyed, damaged or used to house the internally displaced in three years of warfare, leaving the educational system on the verge of ruin, said a report in May by the Damascus-based Syrian Center for Policy Research in conjunction with the UN Development Program and the UN Palestinian refugee agency. (Abd Doumany/AFP/Getty Images)
A rebel fighter runs through dust towards an area damaged by what activists said were barrel bombs dropped by warplanes loyal to Syria's President Bashar al-Assad in Aleppo's al-Shaar neighborhood on November 6, 2014. (Reuters/Rami Zayat)
People watch as smokes rises from the town of Kobani, on October 26, 2014, at the Turkish border near the southeastern village of Mursitpinar. (Bulent Kilic/AFP/Getty Images) 
A girl cries during the funeral of 19 year-old Syrian Kurdish fighter girl Perwin Mustafa Dihap who died after being wounded during fighting against ISIS forces in her home town of Kobani, in Suruc, on the Turkey-Syria border, on November 7, 2014. (AP Photo/Vadim Ghirda)

2014년 11월 24일 월요일

근로용 로봇과 오락용 로봇 : Robots at Work and Play

Advancements in robotics are continually taking place in the fields of space exploration, health care, public safety, entertainment, defense, and more. These machines -- some fully autonomous, some requiring human input -- extend our grasp, enhance our capabilities, and travel as our surrogates to places too dangerous or difficult for us to go. Gathered here are recent images of robotic technology, including a "Blind" robot, unmanned agricultural machines, a robotic Torah writer, a robot traffic cop in Kinshasa, several telepresence machines, humanoid machines, and an Iranian praying robot. 
                                                                                                    11/19/2014

Students work next to a robot Awabot, created by Bruno Bonnell and designed to allow an absent student to follow the lesson from home on January 21, 2014 in Lyon. Unlike a simple retransmission, the robot moves and can participate to the course. (Jeff Pachoud/AFP/Getty Images)

The new humanoid robot named "Otonaroid" is pictured during a press preview at the National Museum of Emerging Science and Technology in Tokyo on June 24, 2014. Japanese scientists unveiled what they said was the world's first news-reading android, eerily lifelike and possessing a sense of humor to match her language skills. (Yoshikazu Tsuno/AFP/Getty Images)
An unidentified LS 3 team member shoves an LS 3 (Legged Squad Support System) robot that was galloping off course, back on track during a high-speed demonstration in Homestead, Florida, on December 20, 2013. The device is designed to accompany soldiers and Marines any place they go on foot, helping to carry their gear. The south Florida city was hosting an international Robotics Challenge Trials, organized by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The competition, for the creation of robots that can respond to natural and man-made disasters, was created following the 2011 Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear power plant disaster in Japan. After the disaster the Pentagon sent robots designed to disarm improvised explosive devices in Iraq to try to help fix problems at the destroyed reactor in areas highly contaminated by radioactive releases where humans could not work. (Reuters/Andrew Innerarity)
Veldan, a humanoid praying robot built by Iranian schoolteacher Akbar Rezaie, performs morning prayer in front of Alborz elementary school girls in the city of Varamin some 21 miles (35 kilometers) south of the capital Tehran, Iran, on February 24, 2014. Rezaei built the robot to show to children how to execute daily prayers, looking for an amusing way of encouraging young children to say their daily prayers by using the science of robotics. He built the robot at home with basic tools and gave it the designation "Veldan", a term mentioned in Quran meaning: "Youth of Heaven". (AP Photo/Vahid Salemi)
Japanese actor Ken Matsudaira (right), clad in a robot suit, smiles with an android robot in his likeness (left) called "Real Android Matsuken" at a press presentation in Tokyo on November 19, 2013. The android robot was developed for an advertisement for Japanese telecom company KDDI. (Yoshikazu Tsuno/AFP/Getty Images) 
A feeding robot automatically feeds Prim'Holsteins dairy cows in Erbree, western France, on February 18, 2014. Despite an investment cost of 140,000 euros for one robot, the results are impressive with the productivity increasing by an average of 35 kilograms of milk per day and per animal. (Jean-Francois Monier/AFP/Getty Images)
NASA's RoboSimian takes a step during the terrain task at the Homestead-Miami Speedway, Friday, Dec 20, 2013, in Homestead, Florida, Seventeen teams from the United States, China, Japan, and Korea were participating in the DARPA Rpbotics Challenge Trials. (AP Photo/Alan Diaz)
Nogales, Arizona, September, 2013. This Inukton Pipeline Robot is used to travel down pipes and tunnels that may be too small for a person to crawl through. The Inukton has a camera mounted to the front of it and the Border Patrol Agents can control the robot and view what its seeing from a control box. (US Customs and Border Protection/Josh Denmark)
The X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle mission 3 space plane, after landing at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, on October 17, 2014. The United States military landed the robotic space plane in central California, ending a classified 22-month mission that marked the third in Earth orbit for the experimental program, the Air Force said. (Reuters/Boeing/Vandenberg Air Force Base)
Titan the Robot opens an interactive robotics exhibition in Moscow on May 14, 2014. The robotic performer Titan danced for the audience, made jokes and even tried hitting on Russian women. (AP Photo/Pavel Golovkin) 
Defense contractor Lockheed Martin's Advanced Technology Laboratories' robot clears a path through debris in Pennsauken, New Jersey, on December 12, 2013, during a practice session for a robot competition. (AP Photo/Mel Evans)
Dr. Alan Shatzel, medical director of the Mercy Telehealth Network, is displayed on the monitor RP-VITA robot as he waits to confer with Dr. Alex Nee at Mercy San Juan Hospital in Carmichael, California, on November 6, 2013. The robots enable physicians to "beam" themselves into hospitals to diagnose patients and offer medical advice during emergencies. (AP Photo/Rich Pedroncelli)
Visitors investigate an exhibit during the "Robot Ball" scientific exhibition in Moscow on May 17, 2014. (Reuters/Sergei Karpukhin) 
A robotic jockey controls a camel at Dubai Camel Racing Club during the Al Marmoum camel racing season on November 17, 2013. Historically children from India were used as jockeys on the camels until it was outlawed in 2002. Today robot jockeys are used and include shock absorbers and GPS tracking systems. The camel's owners control the robot's whips from their speeding four wheel drives at the side of the track. (Christopher Furlong/Getty Images) 
A Japanese elderly care company Asahi Sun Clean employee, wearing a power suit called "Muscle Suit" powered by compressed air stored in an air tank on his back, lifts a fellow worker during a demonstration at the annual International Robot Exhibition in Tokyo on November 6, 2013. (Yoshikazu Tsuno/AFP/Getty Images)
A robotic traffic robot cop on Triomphal boulevard of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, at the crossing of Asosa, Huileries and Patrice Lubumba streets, on January 22, 2014. Two human-like robots were recently installed here to help tackle the hectic traffic usually experienced in the area. The prototypes are equipped with four cameras that allow them to record traffic flow, the information is then transmitted to a center where traffic infractions can be analyzed. The team behind the new robots are a group of Congolese engineers based at the Kinshasa Higher Institute of Applied Technique. (Junior D. Kannah/AFP/Getty Images) 
A robot of a German team, left, plays the ball besides a British team robot in the Kids League at the RoboCup German Open 2014 in Magdeburg, Germany, on April 3, 2014. 44 international RoboCup Major League teams from 12 countries demonstrate the state-of-the-art competitions in soccer, rescue and service robots. (AP Photo/Jens Meyer)
Liftoff of the Ariane 5 launcher from Europe's spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana, on July 30, 2014, carrying ESA's last Automated Transfer Vehicle to the International Space Station. The unmanned "automated transfer vehicle" brought food, water, oxygen and other supplies for the resident crew aboard the space station. (AP Photo/Stephane Corvaja, ESA)
A robot writes a Torah at an installation in the Jewish Museum in Berlin, Germany, on July 10, 2014. It is an installation by the artist group robotolab. The robot is equipped with a pen nib and ink and will write the Torah at human speed. (AP Photo/Markus Schreiber) 
This picture taken on July 8, 2014 shows Japan's National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) researcher Yoshio Matsumoto (right) showing his humanoid robots "Actroid F", which are male and female twin androids, at his laboratory in Tsukuba. (Yoshikazu Tsuno/AFP/Getty Images)
An SDTI drone of the 61st artillery regiment passes by the official tribune during the traditional Bastille Day parade on the Place de la Concorde in Paris, France, on July 14, 2014. (Reuters/Charles Platiau)
Humanoid robot iCub moves as he is on display during the 2014 IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots in Madrid on November 18, 2014. The iCub is the humanoid robot developed at the Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia as part of the EU project RobotCub and subsequently adopted by more than 20 laboratories worldwide. It has 53 motors that move the head, arms & hands, waist, and legs. It can see and hear, it has the sense of proprioception (body configuration) and movement (using accelerometers and gyroscopes). (Gerard Julien/AFP/Getty Images)
A robot arm, developed by Japanese auto parts maker Denso and operated by computer game software YaneuraOu, sets pieces to play against professional shogi, or Japanese chess player Shinya Sato in Tokyo on March 22, 2014 at the second match of the Denou-sen between computer and professional shogi players. (Yoshikazu Tsuno/AFP/Getty Images) 
A Yamaha RMax unmanned helicopter sprays water over grapevines during a demonstration of its aerial application capabilities at the University of California, Davis' Oakville Station test vineyard in Oakville, California, on October 15, 2014. Researchers at UC Davis have been studying the effectiveness of the drone's ability for spraying pest control and nutritional materials on the test vineyard. (AP Photo/Rich Pedroncelli) 
Team Tartan Rescue's robot CHIMP earned the third-highest score during the December 20-21 DARPA Robotics Challenge Trials 2013. The team's lead organization is the Carnegie Mellon University National Robotics Engineering Center. (DOD) 
NASA astronaut Jeffrey Williams, Expedition 22 commander, performs a check of the Synchronized Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites (SPHERES) Beacon / Beacon Tester in the Destiny laboratory of the International Space Station in this NASA handout photo released to Reuters on July 3, 2014. (Reuters/NASA)
Dancers perform among large scale robots during a show at The Robot Restaurant on June 29, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. The now famous Robot Restaurant opened two years ago in Kabukicho area of Shinjuku at an estimated cost of 10 million U.S. dollars. Performances are held three times a day and cater mostly to foreign tourists. The cabaret style shows include bikini clad futuristic dancers, performers dressed as robots and a host of large scale robots and vehicles controlled with remotes by stage hands dressed as Ninjas. (Chris McGrath/Getty Images)
A visitor interacts with "The Blind Robot" from Singapore during the "Robot Ball" scientific exhibition in Moscow on May 17, 2014. (Reuters/Sergei Karpukhin)
This image from the front Hazcam on NASA's Curiosity Mars rover shows the rover's drill in place during a test of whether the rock beneath it, "Bonanza King," would be an acceptable target for drilling to collect a sample. (NASA/JPL) 
Spanish actor Antonio Banderas embraces a robot used in the film Automata during a photocall on the third day of the 62nd San Sebastian Film Festival, September 21, 2014. Banderas stars in and produced the science fiction film, which was part of the festival's official section. (Reuters/Vincent West)